Topic 12 Study Guide

Truman Doctrine

-U.S will help any country in danger of being communist

-Examples: Iraq, North Korea, Nam

Containment Policy

-contain communism from spreading

-keep communist countries isolated

Bay of Pigs Invasion

-tried to get Castro out of power

-surprise attack, but somehow Castro and his army were waiting

-CIA trained anti-Castro forces in Florida

-U.S defeated in 3 days

Intervention

-intervening in countries to get rid of communism and fund democracy

-Cuba, Korea, Vietnam, Greece

Cold War Development

-post WWII, Germany and Berlin split between allies

-Soviets were communist, made us uneasy and caused tension

-Formed NATO to isolate Soviets, they countered with the Warsaw Pact

-Berlin Blockade/Airlift

-Soviets required atomic bomb

War Powers Act

-President cannot use military force without congress approval*

*except for a national emergency like an attack on the U.S (9/11)

-48 hours to notify congress and can only use military for 30 days

-However, congress can extend time

WWII Policy vs. Post WWII Policy

-WWII policy was to defeat the Germans and the Axis Powers because they were the main priority

-After the war was won however, America was able to shift its focus to the growing concerns of communism in Soviet Russia, our ally

-We needed Russia to help win the war, even though we disapproved of their gov't, but as soon as we won we turned against them

Limited War

-using the most limited amount of resources and manpower to fight a war

Examples of Containment in Europe

-Soviet Russia

-China

-Korea

-Vietnam

-Greece

Division of Germany

-East and West Germany

-split between U.S, Britain, France, and Russia, the Allied Powers

-divided Berlin the capital in the same way

-this divide was a major cause of the conflict and tension in the Cold War that ensued

-Berlin Airlift

Douglas MacArthur Dismissal

-fought in WWI, WWII, and Korea

-was a general for the president

-instead of trying to establish a border and make peace between North and South Korea, he launched an invasion of the North and bombed China

-Truman believed that he was after power, and was dismissed

Nuclear Test Ban

-developed in 1963 to slow the arms race and to decrease the amount of nuclear fallout in the atmosphere

Long Term Effect on Vietnam

-we grew weary of sending troops for extended military action abroad

-became less involved in foreign affairs

Peace Corps

-people traveling to developing countries to educate the native people about America

-establish schools, improve lives with food and water, decrease poverty

-supports developing nations

End of Cold War

-the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War

Domino Theory

-once one country becomes communist, it spreads rapidly like dominoes

Nixon's Detente

-tried to ease tensions between the U.S and the Soviets

MLK vs. Malcolm X

Undoubtedly, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were both influential in the Civil Rights Movement, although they both had different methods to approach unjust treatment. MLK was about passive resistance while Malcolm X was more vengeful and belligerent against the "superior" whites. I believe, however, that MLK's method was more effective because when you're "killing with kindness" your opponents realize that your spirit can never be broken. It takes restraint to sit in silence and not resist the violence that is shown towards you. If they used violence like Malcolm X, that would've given the whites even more reasons to show hatred towards the blacks. Being nonviolent in silent protest makes them look strong and gives them a voice that is loud and clear.

Meritocracy

Although in the segment "A Class Divided" the student performed better when they were "superior" on that specific day, I still believe that children can achieve anything if they have the desire and drive to do so. People who are labeled as "inferior" are not educated about the many opportunities that they have to succeed. Instead they are only informed about the many ways that they can fail. If someone truly works hard and is not willing to settle for mediocre than they have just as good of a chance as the rest of us who are so called "superior." Kids just need to be encouraged of all the things they can accomplish instead of being constantly reminded that they are "inferior." Putting a label on students is unnecessary and only makes the situation worse. Because they think that they are inferior, they are going to perform that way. It's very much mental. If kids are all labeled the same and not separated they can perform at a higher level and achieve goals they never dreamed of.

Jena and Little Rock

In Jena, Louisiana and Little Rock, Arkansas actions were taken against African Americans trying to do something that white people saw as "wrong." In Little Rock they were just trying to attend school while white protesters were chanting obscenities and trying to do everything they could to stop integration. While schools are integrated now, 50 years later, struggles for civil rights and equality are still continuing today. This is the case of Jena. In Jena, students decided to hang a noose from a tree that white students normally hang around because they felt that the black students were intruding on "their" tree. The incidents are similar because of the way people reacted. Many blacks protested this unfair and unjust treatment through passive resistance and not through violence to get their message heard. In Little Rock, the students eventually won that "war" because President Eisenhower sent in soldiers to escort the black students in and in a way showed his support for integration and respect for the law. In Jena however, many of the students involved did not face the consequences for performing this racist hate crime.

Topic 11 Concept Guide

MLK and Civil Disobedience

-fighting for equal rights

-passive resistance

-"hug the person that hits you" "killing with kindness"

Power of the “Mob”

-Montgomery Bus Boycott

-Passive Movement

-381 days not riding the buses before Supreme Court intervened

Plessy v. Ferguson

-"Separate but Equal"

-maternity wards, morgues, drinking fountains, pools, prisons, polls

Civil Rights Goals

-integrate school systems

-desegregate all private and public areas

-equality and civil liberties

-passive resistance

-ending discrimination

Eisenhower’s Role in Little Rock

-sends 1000 soldiers to Little Rock to escort the nine black children into school

-segregation was unconstitutional, and Eisenhower enforced the Law

Rights of the Accused

-6th Amendment requires counsel for defendants who are unable to afford an attorney

-criminal suspects have the right to counsel during interrogations

-Suspects must be informed of their right to consult with counsel before interrogation (Anything you say will be held against you)

Brown v. Board of Education

-Oliver Brown sues Topeka, Kansas School Board on behalf of his daughter

-Thurgood Marshall, attorney of the Browns, integrated school systems

Chavez and the United Farm Workers

-tried to improve working conditions and receive better pay

-helped organize strikes (Delano grape strike)

-participated in fasts

-anti-immigration

FHA and ADA

-outlawed refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race, color, handicap, or origin

-all facilities must be accessible (elevators, ramps, wider doors)

Purpose of Filibusters

-to obstruct certain legislature from passing

-preventing a vote entirely

Sit-Ins and Other Protests

-power of the mob

-passive resistance

-different "waves" of people

-had food dumped on them, got arrested, next wave comes in

Tradition

This is what the Gillis family was proud of. Members of their family have fought and died with honor in every war dating back to the 1800's. And every single one who served had their picture hung up on the wall in the Gillis household. They are proud of their ancestry and respected their relatives who courageously fought and defended this country. Captain Joseph died in the American Revolution, George Gillis died in the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil War, Phillip Gillis died at the Battle of Wounded Knee, Tommy Gillis died in WWI, and most recently, the sole Gillis left, Willis, died in WWII. Although this family has sacrificed so much, they have contributed to what makes America the way it is today, freeing us from the British, fighting against slavery, and defending us from European turmoil and totalitarian governments. They fought for independence and democracy, everything that America stands for and the tradition of men in the Gillis family serving their country will continue for generations to come.

The Majestic Outline

I. Life is good

a. Peter Appleton is a successful screenwriter in 1950's Hollywood

b. His girlfriend is an actress that starred in one one his movies "Sand Pirates of the Sahara"

c. Everything is going well in his life

II. Communist Shenanigans

a. However, everything quickly comes crashing down as he's called before the commie-hunting House Un-American Activities Committee

b. He admits that he did go to a communist meeting once but insists that it was only to impress a girl

c. The script for his new movie and almost all of his possessions are taken to be used as evidence

d. Depressed and drunk, Peter drives along the California coast, before crashing his car off a bridge

III. You look familiar...

a. The next day you see Peter washed up on a beach because him and his car fell into a river which washed into the ocean

b. He hit his head on the concrete foundation of the bridge and seems very disoriented and confused suffering from amnesia

c. An elderly man and his dog find him washed up and brings him into the town of Lawson

d. He is then mistaken by the townspeople to be missing WWII veteran Luke Trimble, who was missing in the war for 9 years

e. The resemblance is so uncanny that even Luke's father, Harry, mistakes Peter for being Luke

IV. The Majestic

a. "Luke" (really Peter) is reunited with his father who lives in an apartment above the movie theater "The Majestic" which they used to run together

b. But since Luke disappeared in the war, the theater has fallen into a state of disrepair and is deserted

c. Now that Harry thinks that his son is back he plans to reopen it to the public and restore it to its former glory

d. "Luke" also gets back together with his girlfriend before he left for the war, Adele, who's father is the town doctor

e. Peter has amnesia so he truly believes he is Luke

V. Welcome Home

a. The people of Lawson organize a welcome home party for "Luke"

b. He tries to play a song on the piano, and just when it looks like he's about to give up, he breaks out into a great jazz song

c. However, the real Luke never could play jazz, only classical music, but no one really notices

VI. I Remember

a. With help from the townspeople, The Majestic is repaired and open with "Luke" and Harry running it

b. One of the movies that they are showing is "Sand Pirates of the Sahara" and suddenly "Luke" starts repeating lines from the movie like he already knows it

c. He then realizes who he truly is, Peter Appleton, and not Luke Trimble

d. As soon as this happens, Harry collapses from a heart attack

e. With Harry on his death bed so sure that his son is by his side, Peter decides not to tell him that he is not actually Luke as Harry dies

VIII. The Constitution

a. After Harry's funeral, Pete decides to tell Adele that he is not really Luke and he remembers who he is

b. She tells him that she always somehow know that it couldn't be him

c. Just then the cops pull into town and arrest Pete for evading the government when he was due in court

d. The people of Lawson are stunned and outraged as they believed that he faked being Luke, when instead he couldn't remember

e. Before he leaves he sees Adele in the graveyard and she reminds him of the constitution and his rights as he prepares to go to court

IX. I Am Not Communist

a. Peter tells the court that he was only involved once in communist actions and it was only to impress a girl

b. He said that the America that Luke and other veterans fought and died for was not the same America today

c. He gives a powerful and uplifting speech and finally walks out without being dismissed

d. The court tells him that he is free to go because he in fact gave them the name of the girl he wanted to impress

X. Welcome Home Peter

A. Peter takes the train back to Lawson after the trial and is welcomed as a hero

b. All of the townspeople watched and heard his trial and immediately regained their senses and felt bad about ever doubting him

c. Adele forgives Peter and they kiss

d. The movie closes with photos of Adele and Peter together with their kids and rests on the last photo with Harry and Peter standing in front of The Majestic

Sexism

http://www.adclassix.com/a4/56gedishwasher.html

This is an ad for the new G.E dishwasher and how it's "easy to load." Many ads for household appliances featured women clad in their best clothes and always eager and excited for new products to make it easier to help out around the house. The wife was always doing work in the house whether it was cooking, washing clothes, washing the dishes, cleaning up the house, and they hardly ever had time for themselves. It's almost like they were brainwashed; they wanted to live the perfect lives and have the perfect families so they thought that they were expected to do these things and no one complained. Even today, many women are still housewives looking after their kids while the husband goes to work and earns money. However, it is getting to the point where women are marrying later because they want to enter the work force and this is empowering for them to contribute to society. The 1950s was a very prosperous era and embodied "The American Dream," where everyone had a house with a white picket fence and a car in the driveway. Where your wife greeted the kids when they were home from school and greeted you when you got home from work, all the while slaving away in the kitchen, or laundry room, or wherever else needed cleaning. This was just the way things were.

Topic 10 Study Guide

McCarthyism Impact on Society

-people, especially filmmakers, producers, and actors in Hollywood , grew more wary of the increasing threat of Communism

-shined a spotlight on some of the Democratic Party's associates who were identified as being communists
Communist “Witch Hunt” and impact on those accused

-put many businesses and people out of jobs

-many people tried in front of congress and convicted regardless of the statement of the accused

-Big Ten targeted and most sent to jail

Space Race impact on government policies

-expedited funding of science and technology

-ended conservative opposition to developing space travel

-increased foreign tensions

Cold War mind set for the United States Government and public

-we needed to outcompete, outsource, and outlast the Soviets in every possible aspect whether it was political, economic, or social facet

-we need the "containment" of Communism to prevent it from spreading any further

Relationship of suburbs, automobiles, and roads

-the suburbs formed because people were emigrating out of the cities so they could find a good place to raise their families

-because of the formation of the suburbs, roads eventually had to connect the suburbs to the main city because people still needed to commute to work

-alternatively more cars were produced and used because of the increase in roads and opportunities to travel

-the Interstate Highway Act of 1956 also increased the the amount of roads with 41,000 miles of new roadway

Baby Boom

-occurred when WWII soldiers returned home to their wives and families

-started a new generation of children and teenagers who broke away from the previously traditional lifestyles that were in place

Urban-Suburban Pattern

-the city is where low income classes live, although the business district within the city also has high class residents

-the suburbs are separated into two groups

-the houses closer to the city are for middle income families and the houses further away are relatively larger and also house higher income families

GI Bill

-if you sign up to join the military (army, navy, marines, etc.) and complete your training, your college tuition will all be paid by the government

-basically is you give the military four years, they give you four years

Expansion of the Middle Class (why were things “affordable)

-because the middle class was expanding, demand for products increased and so did production which made things cheaper because there was more of it

-Americans began buying goods not available during the war, which created business expansion and jobs

Casa Blanca Outline

I. Opening

a. Two German couriers are murdered and exit visas are stolen from them

b. A officer, Major Strasser, arrives at the Casablanca airport and is greeted by the local French commander, Captain Louis Renault

c. They head over to Rick's cafe to find the murderer

II. Rick's Cafe

a. Ugarte approaches Rick, the bar's owner, and asks if he will hold some letters of transit for him

b. Rick hides them in the piano played by the musician, Sam

c. Signor Ferrari, owner of the rival bar, the Blue Parrot, offers to buy Rick's, but Rick says his bar isn't for sale

d. Louis mentions Victor Laszlo, a famous Czech nationalist, will be arriving in Casablanca and warns Rick against trying to assist Laszlo, whose political activities are a threat to Nazi Germany

e. Ugate is cornered by Strasser and arrested

III. Victor Laszlo

a. Laszlo enters the bar with Ilsa in search of exit visas

b. Louis requests that Laszlo report to his office the next day

c. Ilsa asks Sam to play "As Time Goes By" on the piano

d. Rick recognizes and sits with Ilsa, Laszlo, and Louis for a drink

IV. Flashbacks

a. Rick remembers being with Ilsa in Paris driving in his car around the city, drinking champagne, and dancing

b. They are in love and when they hear word that the German army is approaching Paris, Rick asks Ilsa to marry him

c. She doesn't accept or deny him, but Rick plans to leave the city with her by train before the Germans come

d. At the train station Rick waits for Ilsa, but instead receives a note explaining that she can't see him again; confused and angry he boards the train without her

V. The Blue Parrot

a. In the present now, in Casablanca, Laszlo and Ilsa go to Signor Ferrari to try to obtain letters of transit

b. Rick walks in, and while Laszlo talks with Ferrari, Ilsa tells Rick that Laszlo is her husband and has been for years, even when she and Rick were together in Paris

c. Ferrari says he can obtain a visa for Ilsa but not for Laszlo, but the couple decides not to split up

d. Ferrari suggests they speak to Rick, whom he suspects is holding Ugarte's stolen letters of transit

VI. Battle of the Anthems

a. German soldiers have gathered around Sam's piano and are singing the German national anthem

b. Laszlo tells the band to play "La Marseillaise," the French national anthem which drowns out the Germans

c. Strasser is furious and demands that Louis shut down Rick's and does so on the pretext that gambling takes place there

VII. Love and Lies

a. At their hotel, Laszlo asks Ilsa if there is anything she wants to tell him about Paris, but she says no

b. As Victor leaves for a meeting of the underground resistance, Ilsa leaves too for Rick's Cafe

c. She pleads with Rick to give her the letters of transit, and when he refuses pulls out a gun

d. Rick dares her to shoot, but Ilsa cannot; she breaks down in tears and claims she still loves him

VIII. Confessions

a. Ilsa explains after she married Laszlo, he had to return to Prague, where he was arrested and put in a concentration camp

b. She received news he was killed and met Rick in Paris shortly after

c. Ilsa learned Laszlo was still alive just when she and Rick were about to leave Paris together, so that's why she didn't get on the train

d. She didn't tell Rick because she knew he wouldn't leave Paris if he found out, and then the Gestapo would arrest him

IX. Letters of Transit

a. German soldiers arrest Laszlo

b. Rick sells his club to Signor Ferrari and tells Louis that he wants to frame Laszlo for stealing the letters and Rick will use them to leave with Ilsa

c. At the Cafe, Rick tries to hand Laszlo the letters to frame him

d. Just as Louis comes out to make his arrest, Rick turns the gun on Louis

X. The Airport

a. Rick makes Louis fill in the letters of transit for Mr. and Mrs. Victor Laszlo even though Ilsa objects

b. Just as the Laszlo's board the plane, Strasser arrives and tries to stop the plane

c. Rick shoots him so the plane can safely take off for Lisbon

d. Even though Louis has seen everything, when officers arrive and see Strasser's body he tells him to round up suspects and never mentions Rick

e. Rick and Louis walk along the runway together. Louis says he can arrange for Rick to escape to Brazzaville, another French colony in Africa, and then announces he will go, too

f. The movie ends with Rick saying the famous final line, "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship."

Links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101440619-640056,00.html

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005263

Topic 9 Study Guide

Role of Women During WWII

-made up most of the work force when all the men were off at war

-however, when the men came back, women were pushed out of their jobs

-there were not enough jobs for both sexes to work, men were given priority

Cause and Effect of Use of the Atomic Bomb

-used on Japan to end WWII

-Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombed 160,000+ people killed instantly

-radiation gives people cancer, lung problems

-controversial because of their magnitude

-built to display power and dominance, but hardly ever used

-hard to control who makes nuclear weapons

U.S Foreign Policy Before, During, and After the War

-Neutrality Acts passed

-wanted to stay out of Europe's business and keep to ourselves

-Pearl Harbor attacked

-majority of Americans were enthusiastic about joining the war, to retaliate against Japan

-everyone was happy about the economic boom that WWII provided, compared to the Great Depression

Effects of War on Europe

-major devastation

-took a long time to rebuild cities, lifestyles, economies

-sufficient population loss

-East and West Germany, Berlin divided

Effect of Pearl Harbor Attack

-led to our involvement in the war

-initiated improvements in technology (radar, radio, etc)

-Japanese internment camps across the country

Japanese Internment

-put almost all Japanese Americans into camps with fences and security

-happened because of the attack made on Pearl Harbor by Japan

-people could report anyone they thought was Japanese

-declared constitutional because America was in a state of military emergency

Neutrality Acts

-passed by congress in response to the the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to WWII

-limited our aid to Britain so they could fight Nazi Germany

-repealed in 1941 because of German submarine attacks on U.S ships and because of the attack on Pearl Harbor

Purpose of Propaganda

-to gain military and economic support

-persuade people to join a cause

-usually used to cause a revolution

Rationing

-rations were common to support the soldiers and the war effort

-Americans should voluntarily cooperate to support the war overseas

-more food could be sent by ships to Europe

Results of WWII

-major destruction and devastation in Europe, especially Germany, where most of the fighting took place

-advancements in technology such as radar and the atom bomb

-wealth and affluence in America because of the war economy

-Germany and Berlin divided and controlled by America, Russia, France, and Great Britain

WWII Timeline

http://timeglider.com/app/viewer.php?uid=line_155aeee8cc4af280c8a6413cfed76cca

Unanswered Questions

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/idcard.php?ModuleId=10006215

I chose Tania Marcus from Vilna, Poland and born on June 16th, 1928.

Russia invaded your town before the Germans did. How did that feel? Which one was worse or more scary to you? Or were they the same?

If you and your family were captured by the Nazi's, why do you think they just let you return home?

Why and how was your younger brother separated from the rest of your family?

Did you ever hear the guns of the Nazi's killing the children in the ghettos? Did you ever think that your brother would be one of those kids?

Were you happy to get out of the ghetto, not knowing what lay ahead?

What happened to your mother and older sister that were with you in the camp?

How did if feel to suddenly wake up from your coma, and realize that you had survived and your camp was being liberated? Was it bittersweet because the rest of your family was not with you?

Show & Tell

http://cgi.ebay.com/Gas-Mask-World-War-II-M10A1-/230593535667?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item35b0721eb3#ht_500wt_1156

The product for this show and tell is a gas mask from WWII. Gas masks like these were used by people all over Europe and in many other countries to protect them from poisonous gases or even dust and debris in the air from shells being dropped. However, the user of a gas mask is not protected from air toxins that the skin can absorb. Products like these were also limited; not everyone had one, so only those equipped were lucky enough to survive. Also, in the photo one can see that there is a filter at the end of the nozzle. This is what makes the air acceptable to breathe because it filters out all the chemicals and pollutants. The filter has a limited lifespan though, as it can become saturated with chemicals over time and needs to be exchanged with a new one. Especially when tear gas, cyanide, hydrogen chloride, and other fatal chemicals were rampant in WWII, gas masks were vital for survival. Even if you survived from the toxins you could be severely afflicted with nausea, blindness, respiratory damage, skin blisters, and seizures. It was very safe to have gas masks handy, just in case, so families and soldiers during this era could be prepared for the worst.

Braddock's Many Fights

View James J. Braddock's Fights in a larger map

Dear Principal:

Too often in high school, us students are denied the right to learn about certain events in our history. History that everyone should have the right to know. Even though we block out these events because they reflect our countries negatively, by teaching them we know not to make the same mistakes and it respectfully honors those who died in the events. While teaching them may put our country in a bad light and can alter people's perceptions, this is a fact that we need to overcome. Events like the Rape of Nanking, the Ukrainian Famine, and the Armenian Genocide go completely unnoticed and, in fact, I only recently heard of them. Relatives of those who died in these events probably feel insulted that people refuse to teach or talk about them, because it is an insult to their memory. Through the good and the bad, countries should be open with their citizens and tell them the truth. In the case of Japan, they refuse to acknowledge that the Rape of Nanking even happened and it is just wrong to deny the Japanese people this information when it is the truth and part of their history. I wish that you could please consider that we change our history curriculum to include these topics no matter how sensitive they are. We can all learn lessons from events like this and they can help prevent making these mistakes again.

Sincerely,

Lauren Adhav

Cinderella Man Outline

Title: The Cinderella Man

Main Characters: James J. Braddock, Mae Braddock, Joe Gould, and Max Baer

Plot: The Cinderella Man is the story of boxer James J. Braddock and his fight not only with other boxers but the fight trying to provide for his family. It was set in the Great Depression Era during the 1930's and has themes of family, friends, poverty, and redemption. Braddock stuggles with his declining boxing career and has to earn money by working at the docks. But even this makes hardly any money at all, and it's hard work because he has a fractured hand from one of his previous fights. Braddock has a second chance when he is offered a fight against John "Corn" Griffin and wins. Braddock begins training again and battling opponents in suspenseful fights and ended up winning the World Heavyweight Championship versus Max Baer against all odds. Amazingly, this fight was held in Madison Square Garden, blocks from Hell's Kitchen right where he grew up.

Links:
http://history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/p/greatdepression.htm
http://www.jamesjbraddock.com/
http://depts.washington.edu/depress/hooverville.shtml

Sacco and Vanzetti

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/

a3/Save_Sacco_and_Vanzetti.jpg

Judge Thayer:

Innocent until proven guilty has always been the case in the court, and I do not think this belief was upheld in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. There was insufficient evidence and many unreliable eyewitnesses to convict these so called "criminals." The eyewitnesses called to the stand were never completely certain of identifying Sacco or Vanzetti at the scene of the crime, and it is important to note that the eyewitnesses seemed much more certain of their indentifications in the trial than they did at the preliminary hearing a year earlier. These people were most likely influenced by the effects of the Red Scare, not by a desire to tell the truth. The defendants Sacco and Vanzetti also felt the need to lie, because they were afraid of the consequences of being anarchists during this time period. They lied to ensure their safety as well as their friends, who were also fellow anarchists. These outside influences made this case very subjective and biased. The trials should have lasted longer for as long as they needed to, to be sure that these men were really guilty of the crimes of murder and armed robbery. This case should have been taken very seriously instead of being based entirely on fear. Because of this carelessness two men who are possibly innocent will die. The charges of murder and armed robbery are very serious, yet all along it seems as if these 7 years of trials and prosecution, the intent was always to have them killed, regardless of the lack of evidence. The prosecution's ballistics evidence of the bullet that supposedly came from Sacco's gun, was very weak. An expert noted that a scratch on the bullet was most likely made from a defect in Sacco's gun. However, this theory was never tested, and could be entirely false. If the bullet was in fact shot from his gun, a simple test to recreate this scenario would have been simple. You can put a clean bullet into the gun and fire, and if this bullet also has the same scratch, then that would've supported the fact that the bullet came from Sacco's gun. But seeing as how this simple test never happened, I am at a loss to how these men were convicted. This case was one entirely based on assumptions, and it is appalling that our legal and judicial system has stood by this and done absolutely nothing, to at least reasonably get Sacco and Vanzetti's account of the situation. We have placed this unjust prejudice upon not only Sacco and Vanzetti, but all foreigners and immigrants, and it has made them feel unsafe and fearful for their lives. No one should be living like that in America. This is a land of equal opportunity and success for all, and we have denied this to everyone except those native born to America. I am disgusted and disappointed by what has unfolded in this case and I ask you to never let something like this happen again.

Topic 7 Concept Guide

The Scopes Trial

John T. Scopes was tried in court for trying to teach evolution, breaking the state law of Tennessee. The verdict was overturned however due to a technicality: he was ordered to pay a fine of 100 dollars, but because this was ordered by the judge and not the jury. This was a great turning point in education, and if anything like this happened now, it would be a violation of the teacher's academic freedom.

Prohibition

This was a result of the 18th Amendment that banned alcohol, but ended up increasing the amount of drinking. Prohibition created modern organized crime, bootlegging, rum runners, and the speakeasy.

Flappers

These women were part of the 1920's where their hair was cut short, they bared their legs and shoulders, and they drank and smoked publicly. Flappers were a transition to the way women dress and act today.

Economic Issues (1920s)

The Great Depression occurred, leaving many homeless, jobless, and living in poverty. The stock market crashed because of the fall of stock prices and low interest rates. The effects of demobilization also caused an increase in drinking, depression, PTSD, and homelessness.

Dust Bowl

The causes of the Dust Bowl were over farming, severe drought, and mechanization. Over farming because of an increase in mechanization led to a loss of nutrition in the soil and as a result crops could not be grown. The soil became like dust because of the drought and was blown as far east as New York.

Agriculture Issues

Because of the tragedy in the Dust Bowl, there were many food shortages and starvation spread.

Immigration Policies

Post WWI immigration was limited to the United States because we came to the conclusion that the US could thrive without immigrants and the opposition to quotas would disappear. People became afraid of those who were unamerican, especially those who were foreign. Asians were banned altogether. The espionage and sedition acts allowed people to report anyone or anything suspicious.

Nativism

This was a term to describe anyone opposed to immigration. The immigration act of 1924 limited ethnic group immigration to 2%.

Significant literary works

How the Other Half Lives-Jacob Riis

Jungle-Uptown Sinclair

Unsafe at Any Speed-Ralph Nader

The Great Migration

African Americans moving from the rural south to industrial cities in the north. They suffered a great deal of discrimination from workers who already had jobs in factories.

Harlem Renaissance

Era of African American art like Jazz, Blues, theater, and literature. Writers like Langston Hughes wrote in the time period of the Harlem Renaissance and his works can still be read today.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists who followed Luigi Galleani. They were later convicted of murder during an armed robbery. After a series of trials both were executed as punishment. There is controversy over their trial and whether there was enough evidence to convict them.

Labor Issues (1920s)

Demobilization efforts were trying to get returning soldiers from the war back to their jobs, but many men suffered from drinking problems, depression, and homelessness.

The Red Scare

This refers to the strong feelings of anti-communism in the United States. This period began after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and many Americans feared that the same type of revolution would happen in the U.S. This caused Attorney General Mitchell Palmer to launch the Palmer Raids, which raided left wing organizations across the country.

Schenck v. the United States

A United States Supreme Court decision that defended the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to freedom of speech against the draft during World War I.

evolution vs. religion

The John T. Scopes trial was a turning point in American history, where the debate between science and religion was first made public. From this trial, I believe that schools should be taught evolution. I think that this theory, although still a theory, is very well known and has not been proven wrong yet. There is plenty of evidence supporting that evolution is a real possibility for how the human race was created. A skeleton named "Lucy" was found and has been linked to connecting primates and humans, as scientists believe that the species like Lucy was the first to walk upright on two feet. There have also been fossilized footprints found in the Permian Strata, preserved from the ash of a volcano. I think that teaching evolution is not as big of a problem as some of the other things that cause conflict today. If someone is religious enough, they can choose not to listen to lectures on evolution, and it won't affect them at all. Someone can choose not to make a big problem out of it, and just move on.

Reflection

From the group presentations, I learned that organized crime originated from the 18th Amendment prohibiting alcohol. Many of the gangsters involved in gangs were bootleggers or smuggled alcohol. The gangs back then are nothing like gangs nowadays. Back then gangs were run like businesses and the interest was about money. Today gangs fight each other because of territorial disputes, not really because of profit. I also learned that many gangsters got involved when they were young and that many of them were the children of immigrants. Many of the gangs joined up with each other, for example George Baby Face Nelson and John Paul Chase joined the Dillenger gang and stayed with them for a while, even traveling up to the Little Bohemia Lodge in Wisconsin. However, some gangs were terrible enemies as one can understand from the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. Al Capone and his men dressed as cops and lined up 7 men from George "Bugs" Moran's gang, in a parking garage, and were shot with machine guns even after they were dead. Organized crime was, and still is, part of our history and although there was much violence surrounding these gangs, some citizens viewed them as heroes.  

Acrostic Poem

People becoming
Rum runners
Over the border of Canada
Hard to enforce because the
IRS was put in charge
Banning the sale and manufacture of
Intoxicating liquors
The 18th Amendment
Increased amount of drinking, instead
Of reducing it, in 1932 18th Amendment was
No longer enforced

Rapid growth in industry creating transition
Of culture
And lifestyles, introducing
Harlem Renaissance and Jazz Age
Immortalized in movies and magazines, flappers did
Not conform to society, baring their arms and
Gams, and smoking and drinking publicly
The 19th Amendment passes in 1920 granting
Women political
Equality and rights
New technologies like planes and automobiles created by
The assembly line, prohibition makes alcohol
Illegal, however
Enforcement seems impossible because of the
Speakeasy, in the back of stores

The Girl Who Got Away

     So there I was being a drugstore cowboy along with my buddies. I was doubtful, I didn't think it was going to work, but my friend just told me to relax. I had a swig of some giggle water so I wouldn't be so nervous and scare the ladies away. We were standing there for a while talking to pass the time, that's until I saw her. She was the most beautiful woman I had ever seen, I thought it was too good to be true, maybe she was a moll or a gold digger. As she walked into the drugstore, there I was looking at her gams and her chassis, letting my imagination take hold of me. Applesauce! I thought, I could never get a girl like her, no way. But just as I was beginning to let it go, there I saw her coming out of the store and walking over towards me. No, I thought, it must be someone standing behind me one of her girlfriends, or maybe even her boyfriend, but there she was standing right in front of me, and I was wishing I had on my glad rags. And then I just blurt out, "Would you like to have dinner with me??! I know this restaurant that's really the cat's meow." And before I could be embarrassed by what I had just said, I heard her say yes. The next thing I know we're both seated at this restaurant, and this woman was the bee's knees. It was such a good time filled with conversation so I figured I would take a risk and put my lips right on her kisser. Right before I could though, she told me, "Bank's closed," and walked out. Life was anything but berries now, I can't believe I blew it. Man, was I a fire extinguisher, or what?

Wikileaks

According to some, WikiLeaks is a corporation that seems hell bent on causing chaos in our country. However, others believe that it is working to keep us aware and the governments open with what is going on with our country. So how can you judge what is right and wrong when there are two different sides? With so many arguments about this controversy, it's hard to formulate your own opinions about the subject. But here are the facts behind WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes submissions of private, secret, and classified media from anonymous news sources and news leaks. Its website, launched in 2006 and run by The Sunshine Press, claimed a database of more than 1.2 million documents within a year of its launch. The organization describes its founders as a mix of Chinese dissidents, journalists, mathematicians, and start-up company technologists from the United States, Taiwan, Europe, Australia, and South Africa. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its director. Assange, though an Australian citizen, has had no permanent address for several years and is constantly on the move. As you can imagine there are many people angry with him for his actions and he is currently trying to seek political asylum in Switzerland. If he ventures into the United States he is sure to be arrested on the spot as soon as he comes onto our country. He believes that governments should be open with their people and that is whole reason behind WikiLeaks. This organization releases thousands of classified documents and videos, the most controversial of which featured a video of innocent journalists being shot down in Iraq, because their camera equipment from a helicopter resembled AK47s. 12 to 15 people were killed by aerial assault and helicopters even shot at a family trying to help move the bodies to safety. This resulted in the death of a father and the injuries of two of his children among the deaths of innocent civilians and two Reuters reporters. I feel appreciative that WikiLeaks has released this video because it feels like there is finally some justice to those who lost loved ones and it sheds light on our militants serving and why they engaged in the first place. This video can help our military improve so that this horrific incident will never happen again. We can use it to learn from our mistakes and do better, because from the subtitles of the video these pilots seem like they are playing a video with phrases like "sweet," "look at that bitch go." and "nice missile," which can be heard in the background. They don't seem to realize that real human lives are at stake, and they are very insensitive when after everyone is dead, they run over one of the bodies with a tank. Instances like these, I'm glad to see are out there on public display and open to criticism. I am well aware that our government is flawed, however I do realize that sometimes they hide things from us to protect us. It is nice to know that I don't have to worry about something on top of all my other stress about homework, colleges, and my social life. Sometimes ignorance, IS bliss. Hiding the truth from us though, is almost like what you read in George Orwell's 1984, where big brother is always watching and everything you know is a lie. I won't take it that far, but you can see where this is going. So no matter what there are always going to be conflicts with different opinions. You just have to take the good with the bad. This is something that is happening and there is nothing that we can do to stop it. We just have to accept the facts.